- Earliest Version Launch Date Globally09/10/2020
- Latest Version3.4.6
- Time Since Latest Version141days11Hour
- Total Updated Versions (last 1 year)1
Version Timeline
- -
Version History
- Version: 3.4.602/17/2024Size:11.78MUpdate Log
Bug fixes
ScreenshotsApp DescriptionBased on Sporty’s popular handheld E6B Electronic Flight Computer, the E6B app has been designed from the ground up to make the most of iOS on the iPhone, iPad and Apple Watch, and MacOS on Apple Computers. The software is based on the tried and true formulas and algorithms developed over the years by Sporty’s team of over 50 pilots.
Its pilot-friendly design makes quick work of any navigational, conversion or fuel problem and it also performs conventional arithmetic calculations.
The advanced timer/clock feature simultaneously tracks Zulu, Local and Home time zones. The timer counts either up or down, and will display an alert when reaching zero.
27 AVIATION FUNCTIONS
-Pressure & Density Altitude
-Planned True Airspeed
-Heading and Groundspeed
-Compass Heading
-Leg Time
-Fuel Required
-Crosswind, Headwind and Tailwind
-Cloud Base and Freezing Level
-Actual True Airspeed
-Actual True Altitude
-Wind Speed and Direction
-Groundspeed
-Planned Mach Number
-Required True Airspeed
-Required Calibrated Airspeed
-Distance Flown
-Endurance
-Fuel per Hour
-Actual Mach Number
-Percent Mean Aerodynamic Chord (MAC)
-Hydroplane Speed
-Required Rate of Climb
-Specific Range
-Pivotal Altitude
-Top of Descent
-Required Rate of Descent
-Glide Distance
22 AVIATION CONVERSIONS
-Celsius :: Fahrenheit
-Nautical Miles :: Statute Miles
-Nautical Miles :: Kilometers
-Feet :: Meters
-Pounds :: Kilograms
-Avgas Gallons :: Pounds
-Jet A Gallons :: Pounds
-Gallons :: Liters
-Hours/Minutes/Seconds :: Hours
-Climb FT/NM :: Climb Percent
-Climb FT/NM :: Climb Degrees
CALCULATOR
-Perform basic math without having to exit the application
CLOCK/TIMER
-Simultaneous tracking of Zulu, Home and Local time zones
-Advanced timer counts up or down and operates independently so you can perform other calculations while the timer is running
-Upon reaching zero in the countdown mode, a message will display no matter what app is active – a useful feature for missed approaches, switching fuel tanks, etc. - Version: 3.4.506/13/2023Size:11.83MUpdate Log
The Apple Watch version of the E6B app will automatically switch to using the temperature, pressure, speed, fuel and altitude unit preferences set on the iPhone version of the app (e.g. hPA instead of InHg for pressure, or Liters instead of Gallons for fuel).
ScreenshotsApp DescriptionBased on Sporty’s popular handheld E6B Electronic Flight Computer, the E6B app has been designed from the ground up to make the most of iOS on the iPhone, iPad and Apple Watch, and MacOS on Apple Computers. The software is based on the tried and true formulas and algorithms developed over the years by Sporty’s team of over 50 pilots.
Its pilot-friendly design makes quick work of any navigational, conversion or fuel problem and it also performs conventional arithmetic calculations.
The advanced timer/clock feature simultaneously tracks Zulu, Local and Home time zones. The timer counts either up or down, and will display an alert when reaching zero.
27 AVIATION FUNCTIONS
-Pressure & Density Altitude
-Planned True Airspeed
-Heading and Groundspeed
-Compass Heading
-Leg Time
-Fuel Required
-Crosswind, Headwind and Tailwind
-Cloud Base and Freezing Level
-Actual True Airspeed
-Actual True Altitude
-Wind Speed and Direction
-Groundspeed
-Planned Mach Number
-Required True Airspeed
-Required Calibrated Airspeed
-Distance Flown
-Endurance
-Fuel per Hour
-Actual Mach Number
-Percent Mean Aerodynamic Chord (MAC)
-Hydroplane Speed
-Required Rate of Climb
-Specific Range
-Pivotal Altitude
-Top of Descent
-Required Rate of Descent
-Glide Distance
22 AVIATION CONVERSIONS
-Celsius :: Fahrenheit
-Nautical Miles :: Statute Miles
-Nautical Miles :: Kilometers
-Feet :: Meters
-Pounds :: Kilograms
-Avgas Gallons :: Pounds
-Jet A Gallons :: Pounds
-Gallons :: Liters
-Hours/Minutes/Seconds :: Hours
-Climb FT/NM :: Climb Percent
-Climb FT/NM :: Climb Degrees
CALCULATOR
-Perform basic math without having to exit the application
CLOCK/TIMER
-Simultaneous tracking of Zulu, Home and Local time zones
-Advanced timer counts up or down and operates independently so you can perform other calculations while the timer is running
-Upon reaching zero in the countdown mode, a message will display no matter what app is active – a useful feature for missed approaches, switching fuel tanks, etc. - Version: 3.4.401/14/2023Size:11.07MUpdate Log
Fix for an incorrect keyboard warning alert on some devices
ScreenshotsApp DescriptionBased on Sporty’s popular handheld E6B Electronic Flight Computer, the E6B app has been designed from the ground up to make the most of iOS on the iPhone, iPad and Apple Watch, and MacOS on Apple Computers. The software is based on the tried and true formulas and algorithms developed over the years by Sporty’s team of over 50 pilots.
Its pilot-friendly design makes quick work of any navigational, conversion or fuel problem and it also performs conventional arithmetic calculations.
The advanced timer/clock feature simultaneously tracks Zulu, Local and Home time zones. The timer counts either up or down, and will display an alert when reaching zero.
27 AVIATION FUNCTIONS
-Pressure & Density Altitude
-Planned True Airspeed
-Heading and Groundspeed
-Compass Heading
-Leg Time
-Fuel Required
-Crosswind, Headwind and Tailwind
-Cloud Base and Freezing Level
-Actual True Airspeed
-Actual True Altitude
-Wind Speed and Direction
-Groundspeed
-Planned Mach Number
-Required True Airspeed
-Required Calibrated Airspeed
-Distance Flown
-Endurance
-Fuel per Hour
-Actual Mach Number
-Percent Mean Aerodynamic Chord (MAC)
-Hydroplane Speed
-Required Rate of Climb
-Specific Range
-Pivotal Altitude
-Top of Descent
-Required Rate of Descent
-Glide Distance
22 AVIATION CONVERSIONS
-Celsius :: Fahrenheit
-Nautical Miles :: Statute Miles
-Nautical Miles :: Kilometers
-Feet :: Meters
-Pounds :: Kilograms
-Avgas Gallons :: Pounds
-Jet A Gallons :: Pounds
-Gallons :: Liters
-Hours/Minutes/Seconds :: Hours
-Climb FT/NM :: Climb Percent
-Climb FT/NM :: Climb Degrees
CALCULATOR
-Perform basic math without having to exit the application
CLOCK/TIMER
-Simultaneous tracking of Zulu, Home and Local time zones
-Advanced timer counts up or down and operates independently so you can perform other calculations while the timer is running
-Upon reaching zero in the countdown mode, a message will display no matter what app is active – a useful feature for missed approaches, switching fuel tanks, etc. - Version: 3.4.311/14/2022Size:10.33MUpdate Log
Fix for weight and balance center of gravity arm field that displays zero.
ScreenshotsApp DescriptionBased on Sporty’s popular handheld E6B Electronic Flight Computer, the E6B app has been designed from the ground up to make the most of iOS on the iPhone, iPad and Apple Watch, and MacOS on Apple Computers. The software is based on the tried and true formulas and algorithms developed over the years by Sporty’s team of over 50 pilots.
Its pilot-friendly design makes quick work of any navigational, conversion or fuel problem and it also performs conventional arithmetic calculations.
The advanced timer/clock feature simultaneously tracks Zulu, Local and Home time zones. The timer counts either up or down, and will display an alert when reaching zero.
27 AVIATION FUNCTIONS
-Pressure & Density Altitude
-Planned True Airspeed
-Heading and Groundspeed
-Compass Heading
-Leg Time
-Fuel Required
-Crosswind, Headwind and Tailwind
-Cloud Base and Freezing Level
-Actual True Airspeed
-Actual True Altitude
-Wind Speed and Direction
-Groundspeed
-Planned Mach Number
-Required True Airspeed
-Required Calibrated Airspeed
-Distance Flown
-Endurance
-Fuel per Hour
-Actual Mach Number
-Percent Mean Aerodynamic Chord (MAC)
-Hydroplane Speed
-Required Rate of Climb
-Specific Range
-Pivotal Altitude
-Top of Descent
-Required Rate of Descent
-Glide Distance
22 AVIATION CONVERSIONS
-Celsius :: Fahrenheit
-Nautical Miles :: Statute Miles
-Nautical Miles :: Kilometers
-Feet :: Meters
-Pounds :: Kilograms
-Avgas Gallons :: Pounds
-Jet A Gallons :: Pounds
-Gallons :: Liters
-Hours/Minutes/Seconds :: Hours
-Climb FT/NM :: Climb Percent
-Climb FT/NM :: Climb Degrees
CALCULATOR
-Perform basic math without having to exit the application
CLOCK/TIMER
-Simultaneous tracking of Zulu, Home and Local time zones
-Advanced timer counts up or down and operates independently so you can perform other calculations while the timer is running
-Upon reaching zero in the countdown mode, a message will display no matter what app is active – a useful feature for missed approaches, switching fuel tanks, etc. - Version: 3.4.210/21/2022Size:10.28MUpdate Log
v3.4
Includes two new conversions: Avgas liters to pounds and Jet-A liters to pounds
v3.4.1
Fix for Jet-A pounds conversion input bug
v3.4.2
Increase decimal places for weight and balance arm input field.ScreenshotsApp DescriptionBased on Sporty’s popular handheld E6B Electronic Flight Computer, the E6B app has been designed from the ground up to make the most of iOS on the iPhone, iPad and Apple Watch, and MacOS on Apple Computers. The software is based on the tried and true formulas and algorithms developed over the years by Sporty’s team of over 50 pilots.
Its pilot-friendly design makes quick work of any navigational, conversion or fuel problem and it also performs conventional arithmetic calculations.
The advanced timer/clock feature simultaneously tracks Zulu, Local and Home time zones. The timer counts either up or down, and will display an alert when reaching zero.
27 AVIATION FUNCTIONS
-Pressure & Density Altitude
-Planned True Airspeed
-Heading and Groundspeed
-Compass Heading
-Leg Time
-Fuel Required
-Crosswind, Headwind and Tailwind
-Cloud Base and Freezing Level
-Actual True Airspeed
-Actual True Altitude
-Wind Speed and Direction
-Groundspeed
-Planned Mach Number
-Required True Airspeed
-Required Calibrated Airspeed
-Distance Flown
-Endurance
-Fuel per Hour
-Actual Mach Number
-Percent Mean Aerodynamic Chord (MAC)
-Hydroplane Speed
-Required Rate of Climb
-Specific Range
-Pivotal Altitude
-Top of Descent
-Required Rate of Descent
-Glide Distance
22 AVIATION CONVERSIONS
-Celsius :: Fahrenheit
-Nautical Miles :: Statute Miles
-Nautical Miles :: Kilometers
-Feet :: Meters
-Pounds :: Kilograms
-Avgas Gallons :: Pounds
-Jet A Gallons :: Pounds
-Gallons :: Liters
-Hours/Minutes/Seconds :: Hours
-Climb FT/NM :: Climb Percent
-Climb FT/NM :: Climb Degrees
CALCULATOR
-Perform basic math without having to exit the application
CLOCK/TIMER
-Simultaneous tracking of Zulu, Home and Local time zones
-Advanced timer counts up or down and operates independently so you can perform other calculations while the timer is running
-Upon reaching zero in the countdown mode, a message will display no matter what app is active – a useful feature for missed approaches, switching fuel tanks, etc. - Version: 3.4.110/19/2022Size:10.28MUpdate Log
v3.4
Includes two new conversions: Avgas liters to pounds and Jet-A liters to pounds
v3.4.1
Fix for Jet-A pounds conversion input bugScreenshotsApp DescriptionBased on Sporty’s popular handheld E6B Electronic Flight Computer, the E6B app has been designed from the ground up to make the most of iOS on the iPhone, iPad and Apple Watch, and MacOS on Apple Computers. The software is based on the tried and true formulas and algorithms developed over the years by Sporty’s team of over 50 pilots.
Its pilot-friendly design makes quick work of any navigational, conversion or fuel problem and it also performs conventional arithmetic calculations.
The advanced timer/clock feature simultaneously tracks Zulu, Local and Home time zones. The timer counts either up or down, and will display an alert when reaching zero.
27 AVIATION FUNCTIONS
-Pressure & Density Altitude
-Planned True Airspeed
-Heading and Groundspeed
-Compass Heading
-Leg Time
-Fuel Required
-Crosswind, Headwind and Tailwind
-Cloud Base and Freezing Level
-Actual True Airspeed
-Actual True Altitude
-Wind Speed and Direction
-Groundspeed
-Planned Mach Number
-Required True Airspeed
-Required Calibrated Airspeed
-Distance Flown
-Endurance
-Fuel per Hour
-Actual Mach Number
-Percent Mean Aerodynamic Chord (MAC)
-Hydroplane Speed
-Required Rate of Climb
-Specific Range
-Pivotal Altitude
-Top of Descent
-Required Rate of Descent
-Glide Distance
22 AVIATION CONVERSIONS
-Celsius :: Fahrenheit
-Nautical Miles :: Statute Miles
-Nautical Miles :: Kilometers
-Feet :: Meters
-Pounds :: Kilograms
-Avgas Gallons :: Pounds
-Jet A Gallons :: Pounds
-Gallons :: Liters
-Hours/Minutes/Seconds :: Hours
-Climb FT/NM :: Climb Percent
-Climb FT/NM :: Climb Degrees
CALCULATOR
-Perform basic math without having to exit the application
CLOCK/TIMER
-Simultaneous tracking of Zulu, Home and Local time zones
-Advanced timer counts up or down and operates independently so you can perform other calculations while the timer is running
-Upon reaching zero in the countdown mode, a message will display no matter what app is active – a useful feature for missed approaches, switching fuel tanks, etc. - Version: 3.410/13/2022Size:3.75MUpdate Log
Includes two new conversions: Avgas liters to pounds and Jet-A liters to pounds
ScreenshotsApp DescriptionBased on Sporty’s popular handheld E6B Electronic Flight Computer, the E6B app has been designed from the ground up to make the most of iOS on the iPhone, iPad and Apple Watch, and MacOS on Apple Computers. The software is based on the tried and true formulas and algorithms developed over the years by Sporty’s team of over 50 pilots.
Its pilot-friendly design makes quick work of any navigational, conversion or fuel problem and it also performs conventional arithmetic calculations.
The advanced timer/clock feature simultaneously tracks Zulu, Local and Home time zones. The timer counts either up or down, and will display an alert when reaching zero.
27 AVIATION FUNCTIONS
-Pressure & Density Altitude
-Planned True Airspeed
-Heading and Groundspeed
-Compass Heading
-Leg Time
-Fuel Required
-Crosswind, Headwind and Tailwind
-Cloud Base and Freezing Level
-Actual True Airspeed
-Actual True Altitude
-Wind Speed and Direction
-Groundspeed
-Planned Mach Number
-Required True Airspeed
-Required Calibrated Airspeed
-Distance Flown
-Endurance
-Fuel per Hour
-Actual Mach Number
-Percent Mean Aerodynamic Chord (MAC)
-Hydroplane Speed
-Required Rate of Climb
-Specific Range
-Pivotal Altitude
-Top of Descent
-Required Rate of Descent
-Glide Distance
22 AVIATION CONVERSIONS
-Celsius :: Fahrenheit
-Nautical Miles :: Statute Miles
-Nautical Miles :: Kilometers
-Feet :: Meters
-Pounds :: Kilograms
-Avgas Gallons :: Pounds
-Jet A Gallons :: Pounds
-Gallons :: Liters
-Hours/Minutes/Seconds :: Hours
-Climb FT/NM :: Climb Percent
-Climb FT/NM :: Climb Degrees
CALCULATOR
-Perform basic math without having to exit the application
CLOCK/TIMER
-Simultaneous tracking of Zulu, Home and Local time zones
-Advanced timer counts up or down and operates independently so you can perform other calculations while the timer is running
-Upon reaching zero in the countdown mode, a message will display no matter what app is active – a useful feature for missed approaches, switching fuel tanks, etc. - Version: 3.3.408/01/2022Size:10.40MUpdate Log
-Fix for incorrect density altitude result in the Planned True Airspeed function
-Bug fixesScreenshotsApp DescriptionBased on Sporty’s popular handheld E6B Electronic Flight Computer, the E6B app has been designed from the ground up to make the most of iOS on the iPhone, iPad and Apple Watch, and MacOS on Apple Computers. The software is based on the tried and true formulas and algorithms developed over the years by Sporty’s team of over 50 pilots.
Its pilot-friendly design makes quick work of any navigational, conversion or fuel problem and it also performs conventional arithmetic calculations.
The advanced timer/clock feature simultaneously tracks Zulu, Local and Home time zones. The timer counts either up or down, and will display an alert when reaching zero.
27 AVIATION FUNCTIONS
-Pressure & Density Altitude
-Planned True Airspeed
-Heading and Groundspeed
-Compass Heading
-Leg Time
-Fuel Required
-Crosswind, Headwind and Tailwind
-Cloud Base and Freezing Level
-Actual True Airspeed
-Actual True Altitude
-Wind Speed and Direction
-Groundspeed
-Planned Mach Number
-Required True Airspeed
-Required Calibrated Airspeed
-Distance Flown
-Endurance
-Fuel per Hour
-Actual Mach Number
-Percent Mean Aerodynamic Chord (MAC)
-Hydroplane Speed
-Required Rate of Climb
-Specific Range
-Pivotal Altitude
-Top of Descent
-Required Rate of Descent
-Glide Distance
22 AVIATION CONVERSIONS
-Celsius :: Fahrenheit
-Nautical Miles :: Statute Miles
-Nautical Miles :: Kilometers
-Feet :: Meters
-Pounds :: Kilograms
-Avgas Gallons :: Pounds
-Jet A Gallons :: Pounds
-Gallons :: Liters
-Hours/Minutes/Seconds :: Hours
-Climb FT/NM :: Climb Percent
-Climb FT/NM :: Climb Degrees
CALCULATOR
-Perform basic math without having to exit the application
CLOCK/TIMER
-Simultaneous tracking of Zulu, Home and Local time zones
-Advanced timer counts up or down and operates independently so you can perform other calculations while the timer is running
-Upon reaching zero in the countdown mode, a message will display no matter what app is active – a useful feature for missed approaches, switching fuel tanks, etc. - Version: 3.3.307/12/2022Size:10.40MUpdate Log
v3.3.3
Fixes a bug that blocks the keyboard on certain models of iPad.
v3.3.2
Fixes a bug in certain functions headings would display as negative.
v3.3.1
Fixes a bug that could cause the entry pad to display incorrectly when the on-screen keyboard is set to the Split or Floating configuration
v3.0
Adds 9 new Functions and Conversions:
- Freezing Level > computes the approximate freezing level based on the surface temperature and dew point
- Hydroplane Speed > determines the speed at which your tires will dynamically hydroplane based on tire pressure (PSI)
- Compass Heading > calculates True, Magnetic and Compass Heading when planning a cross-country flight
- Pivotal Altitude > useful when flying the Eights on Pylons maneuver during Commercial Pilot training
- Actual True Altitude > determine your actual height above mean sea level, based on temperature variations
- Glide Distance > calculates how far your airplane can glide based on glide ratio and height above the ground
- Climb Conversions > convert climb requirements from percent or degrees to Ft/NMScreenshotsApp DescriptionBased on Sporty’s popular handheld E6B Electronic Flight Computer, the E6B app has been designed from the ground up to make the most of iOS on the iPhone, iPad and Apple Watch, and MacOS on Apple Computers. The software is based on the tried and true formulas and algorithms developed over the years by Sporty’s team of over 50 pilots.
Its pilot-friendly design makes quick work of any navigational, conversion or fuel problem and it also performs conventional arithmetic calculations.
The advanced timer/clock feature simultaneously tracks Zulu, Local and Home time zones. The timer counts either up or down, and will display an alert when reaching zero.
27 AVIATION FUNCTIONS
-Pressure & Density Altitude
-Planned True Airspeed
-Heading and Groundspeed
-Compass Heading
-Leg Time
-Fuel Required
-Crosswind, Headwind and Tailwind
-Cloud Base and Freezing Level
-Actual True Airspeed
-Actual True Altitude
-Wind Speed and Direction
-Groundspeed
-Planned Mach Number
-Required True Airspeed
-Required Calibrated Airspeed
-Distance Flown
-Endurance
-Fuel per Hour
-Actual Mach Number
-Percent Mean Aerodynamic Chord (MAC)
-Hydroplane Speed
-Required Rate of Climb
-Specific Range
-Pivotal Altitude
-Top of Descent
-Required Rate of Descent
-Glide Distance
22 AVIATION CONVERSIONS
-Celsius :: Fahrenheit
-Nautical Miles :: Statute Miles
-Nautical Miles :: Kilometers
-Feet :: Meters
-Pounds :: Kilograms
-Avgas Gallons :: Pounds
-Jet A Gallons :: Pounds
-Gallons :: Liters
-Hours/Minutes/Seconds :: Hours
-Climb FT/NM :: Climb Percent
-Climb FT/NM :: Climb Degrees
CALCULATOR
-Perform basic math without having to exit the application
CLOCK/TIMER
-Simultaneous tracking of Zulu, Home and Local time zones
-Advanced timer counts up or down and operates independently so you can perform other calculations while the timer is running
-Upon reaching zero in the countdown mode, a message will display no matter what app is active – a useful feature for missed approaches, switching fuel tanks, etc. - Version: 3.3.207/07/2022Size:10.40MUpdate Log
Adds 9 new Functions and Conversions:
- Freezing Level > computes the approximate freezing level based on the surface temperature and dew point
- Hydroplane Speed > determines the speed at which your tires will dynamically hydroplane based on tire pressure (PSI)
- Compass Heading > calculates True, Magnetic and Compass Heading when planning a cross-country flight
- Pivotal Altitude > useful when flying the Eights on Pylons maneuver during Commercial Pilot training
- Actual True Altitude > determine your actual height above mean sea level, based on temperature variations
- Glide Distance > calculates how far your airplane can glide based on glide ratio and height above the ground
- Climb Conversions > convert climb requirements from percent or degrees to Ft/NM
Fixes a bug that could cause the entry pad to display incorrectly when the on-screen keyboard is set to the Split or Floating configuration
Fixes a bug in certain functions headings would display as negative.ScreenshotsApp DescriptionBased on Sporty’s popular handheld E6B Electronic Flight Computer, the E6B app has been designed from the ground up to make the most of iOS on the iPhone, iPad and Apple Watch, and MacOS on Apple Computers. The software is based on the tried and true formulas and algorithms developed over the years by Sporty’s team of over 50 pilots.
Its pilot-friendly design makes quick work of any navigational, conversion or fuel problem and it also performs conventional arithmetic calculations.
The advanced timer/clock feature simultaneously tracks Zulu, Local and Home time zones. The timer counts either up or down, and will display an alert when reaching zero.
27 AVIATION FUNCTIONS
-Pressure & Density Altitude
-Planned True Airspeed
-Heading and Groundspeed
-Compass Heading
-Leg Time
-Fuel Required
-Crosswind, Headwind and Tailwind
-Cloud Base and Freezing Level
-Actual True Airspeed
-Actual True Altitude
-Wind Speed and Direction
-Groundspeed
-Planned Mach Number
-Required True Airspeed
-Required Calibrated Airspeed
-Distance Flown
-Endurance
-Fuel per Hour
-Actual Mach Number
-Percent Mean Aerodynamic Chord (MAC)
-Hydroplane Speed
-Required Rate of Climb
-Specific Range
-Pivotal Altitude
-Top of Descent
-Required Rate of Descent
-Glide Distance
22 AVIATION CONVERSIONS
-Celsius :: Fahrenheit
-Nautical Miles :: Statute Miles
-Nautical Miles :: Kilometers
-Feet :: Meters
-Pounds :: Kilograms
-Avgas Gallons :: Pounds
-Jet A Gallons :: Pounds
-Gallons :: Liters
-Hours/Minutes/Seconds :: Hours
-Climb FT/NM :: Climb Percent
-Climb FT/NM :: Climb Degrees
CALCULATOR
-Perform basic math without having to exit the application
CLOCK/TIMER
-Simultaneous tracking of Zulu, Home and Local time zones
-Advanced timer counts up or down and operates independently so you can perform other calculations while the timer is running
-Upon reaching zero in the countdown mode, a message will display no matter what app is active – a useful feature for missed approaches, switching fuel tanks, etc. - 1
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